English Admin – If you study in high schools, these are 13 types of text in English. They are text genres or text types and given in definition, purpose, generic structure, language feature and some samples of each text. This is the core strategy of learning English through text-based approach.
The text classification may differ from one theory to another. Based on generic structure and language feature dominantly used, English texts are divided into 13 types. They are narrative, recount, descriptive, report, explanation, analytical exposition, hortatory exposition, procedure, discussion, review, anecdote, spoof, and news item. See the illustrative picture below
Kinds of text which students of high schools should study when learning English
These variations are known as GENRES, types of text, or kinds of text but NOT text forms. Now we will see the summary of all kids of text.
Text Types 1: NARRATIVE
Purpose:
To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Complication
3. Resolution
4. Reorientation (optional)
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Chronologically arranged
Narrative text can be simple a story. For more explanation you can read:
- What is Narrative? Defintition and sample text
- Kinds of narrative story learned in high schools
- 16 Contoh Terbaik Narrative Text Pendek
Text Types 2: RECOUNT
Purpose:
To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past event
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Reorientation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adjectives
Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are in chronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book; myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.
The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict, social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount applies series of event as the basic structure
Recount text is used in various form. For more explanation, you can read:
- What is Recount? Definition and sample
- Past tenses used in recount text
- Kumpulan Contoh Recount Text Bahasa Inggris Terbaik
Text Types 3: DESCRIPTIVE
Purpose:
To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Identification
2. Description
Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Using special technical terms
For more explanation on descriptive text, you can read:
- What is Descriptive Text? Pengertian dan contoh
- The difference between descriptive text and report text
- 9 Contoh Descriptive Text Pendek Bahasa Inggris
Text Types 4: REPORT
Purpose:
To presents information about something, as it is.
Generic Structure:
1. General classification
2. Description
Dominant Language Feature:
1. Introducing group or general aspect
2. Using conditional logical connection
3. Using Simple Present Tense
For more explanation on report text, you can read:
Text Types 5: EXPLANATION
Purpose:
To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural or socio-cultural phenomena.
Generic Structure:
1. General statement
2. Explanation
3. Closing
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using action verbs
3. Using passive voice
4. Using noun phrase
5. Using adverbial phrase
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect
For more study on explanation text, you can read:
Text Types 6: ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Purpose:
To reveal the readers that something is the important case
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Reiteration/Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using modals
2. Using action verbs
3. Using thinking verbs
4. Using adverbs
5. Using adjective
6. Using technical terms
7. Using general and abstract noun
8. Using connectives/transition
You can read more about explanation text on the following articles:
- What is Analytical Exposition? Defintition and sample
- 12 Contoh Analytical Exposition Terbaik Bahasa Inggris
Text Types 7: HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Purpose:
To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or be done
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis
2. Arguments
3. Recommendation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using modals
3. Using action verbs
4. Using thinking verbs
5. Using adverbs
6. Using adjective
7. Using technical terms
8. Using general and abstract noun
9. Using connectives/transition
Articles about hortatory exposition can be found more on:
- What is Hortatory Exposition? Pengertian dan contoh
- Kumpulan Contoh Text Hortatory ExpositionTerbaik dalam Bahasa inggris
Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple word. Analytical is the answer of “How is/will” while hortatory is the answer of “How should”. Analytical exposition will be best to describe “How will student do for his examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question” How should student do for his exam?” will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince that the thing should be done
Text Types 8: PROCEDURE
Purpose:
To help readers how to do or make something completely
Generic Structure:
1. Goal/Aim
2. Materials/Equipments
3. Steps/Methods
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Using Imperatives sentence
3. Using adverb
4. Using technical terms
If you like to read more about procedure text, you can read the following articles:
Text tyeps 9: DISCUSSION
Purpose:
To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)
Generic Structure:
1. Issue
2. Arguments for and against
3. Conclusion
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Simple Present Tense
2. Use of relating verb/to be
3. Using thinking verb
4. Using general and abstract noun
5. Using conjunction/transition
6. Using modality
7. Using adverb of manner
Explanations more on discussion text can be read on:
- What is Discussion? Pengertian dan contoh
- Kumpulan Contoh Discussion Text Terbaik dalam Bahasa Inggris
Text Types 10: REVIEW
Purpose:
To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Evaluation
3. Interpretative Recount
4. Evaluation
5. Evaluative Summation
Dominant Language Features:
1. Focus on specific participants
2. Using adjectives
3. Using long and complex clauses
4. Using metaphor
Review text can be found more on:
Text Types 11: ANECDOTE
Purpose:
To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident
Generic Structure:
1. Abstract
2. Orientation
3. Crisis
4. Reaction
5. Coda.
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers
2. Using material process
3. Using temporal conjunctions
Finding more on anecdote text, you can read:
- What is Anecdote? Pengertian dan contoh
- The Best Example of Anecdote Text – From Bankrupt Candle to Best Seller Soap
Text Types 12: SPOOF
Purpose:
To tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers
Generic Structure:
1. Orientation
2. Event(s)
3. Twist
Dominant Language Features:
1. Using Past Tense
2. Using action verb
3. Using adverb
4. Chronologically arranged
Read more about spoof text on the following articles:
- What is Spoof? Pengertian dan contoh
- Kinds of twist in spoof text ending
- 12 Contoh Spoof Text Terbaik dengan TWIST Berbeda
Purpose:
To inform readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
Dominant Generic Structure:
1. Newsworthy event
2. Background events
3. Sources
Dominant Language Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
2. Using action verbs
3. Using saying verbs
4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner
This is the summary of all types of text for learning English in high schools. Remember that these text types are classified but it is impossible to build a long text in English only through one single type. In functional writing, a text will be structured with a combination of two or more genres to achieve the writer’s goal.
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